A PlayPump™ is a water pump powered by a playground roundabout or merry-go-round. It was conceived as a means of supplying water for domestic use in developing-world villages by taking advantage of the energy produced by children playing at it. The general failure of the idea has provided what is perhaps the best-known example of ineffective altruism.

Mechanism and basic idea

The rotational movement of the roundabout is converted into the reciprocal vertical motion of a pump,^[1] by the work of which water is pumped up into an elevated tank, typically bearing advertising billboards, from where it is carried by gravity to a tap stand. System maintenance was supposed to be covered by the revenue generated from advertisers.^[2]

History

The roundabout pump was invented by Ronnie Stuiver, a South African engineer. In 1989, Trevor Field, a British advertising professional, noticed a model of it in an agriculture fair in Johannesburg and bought the patent from Stuiver. Field decided to focus full-time on the project and founded Roundabout Outdoor, which won the World Bank's Development Marketplace competition in 2000,^[3]^[4] and subsequently received international attention and increasing funding. In 2006, with backing from the Case Foundation, PlayPumps International, based in the US, was set up.^[5] By 2009, Field and his charity had installed eighteen hundred PlayPumps across South Africa.^[6]

After a series of criticism, the Case Foundation acknowledged the failure of the program, and PlayPumps International was shut down. Despite this major setback, Roundabout Outdoor kept on functioning and receiving funding from other sources.^[7] As of February 2022, Field continues to install the same model of PlayPump in African communities.

Criticism

No negative review was written before 2007, when UNICEF issued a report.^[8] It was the first of a series of critical evaluations that went on to reveal multiple problems arising from the PlayPumps.^[9] Among the most serious of these are the following:

The extra force needed to pump water made the merry-go-round less attractive to children, who quickly got tired. As a result, the pumps were operated primarily by women, who found the task exhausting and undignified.^[10]
The communities do not appear to have been taken into account. In Mozambique, for example, there were "no signs that communities had been consulted prior to installation or had a say in choosing the pump type of their choice",^[11] and the same situation was also found in many other places.^[12]
The cost of the PlayPump is $14.000, four times the cost of a standard handpump,^[13] but handpumps are significantly more effective than PlayPumps, "pumping 3 to 5 times as fast".^[14]
The tank is elevated 7 meters above the ground, with the only purpose of making advertising billboards visible from afar. That being so, unnecessary extra work is needed to raise the water to the tank, from where it goes down again until it reaches the tap.^[15] Furthermore, billboards turned out to be an unviable source of revenue, because companies were not interested in paying for advertising in remote rural areas.^[10]^[16]

Further reading

MacAskill, William (2013) An example of do-gooding done wrong, Effective Altruism Forum, May 15.

Premiere Speakers Bureau (2022) Trevor Field bio, Premiere Speakers Bureau.

Related entries

Scared Straight

^{^}
Stellman, Andrew (2009) 'Saving lives: An interview with Trevor Field', in Andrew Stellman & Jennifer Greene (eds.) (2009) Beautiful Teams: Inspiring and Cautionary Tales from Veteran Team Leaders, Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly, p. 171.
^{^}
MacAskill, William (2015) Doing Good Better: How Effective Altruism Can Help You Make a Difference, New York: Random House, p. 2.
^{^}
Stellman, Andrew & Jennifer Greene (eds.) (2009) Beautiful Teams: Inspiring and Cautionary Tales from Veteran Team Leaders, Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly, p. 467.
^{^}
World Bank (2002) South Africa: the Roundabout Outdoor Playpump, Findings report no. 218, World Bank.
^{^}
Borland, Ralph (2011) Radical Plumbers and PlayPumps, PhD thesis, Trinity College, p. 26.
^{^}
MacAskill, Doing Good Better, p. 3.
^{^}
Borland, Radical Plumbers and PlayPumps, p. 196.
^{^}
Brocklehurst, Clarissa & Peter Harvey (2007) 'An evaluation of the PlayPump® water system as an appropriate technology for water, sanitation and hygiene programmes', UNICEF. Seemingly this report was issued erroneously (see MacAskill, William (2017) Errata, William MacAskill's Website).
^{^}
For a detailed list of these early works see Borland, Radical Plumbers and PlayPumps, pp. 160-2.
^{^}
MacAskill, Doing Good Better, p. 4.
^{^}
Obiols, Ana Lucia & Karl Erpf (2008) Mission report on the evaluation of the PlayPumps installed in Mozambique, The Swiss Resource Centre and Consultancies for Development, p. 31.
^{^}
Borland, Radical Plumbers and PlayPumps, pp. 179.
^{^}
MacAskill, Doing Good Better, p. 5.
^{^}
Borland, Radical Plumbers and PlayPumps, p. 171.
^{^}
Borland, Radical Plumbers and PlayPumps, pp. 174-5.
^{^}
Borland, Radical Plumbers and PlayPumps, pp. 176-7.