“The evidence is overwhelming: digital government works. Research shows it speeds up decisions, reduces corruption, saves money, and boosts legitimacy. From São Paulo to India, reforms have cut delivery costs by up to 95%, accelerated benefits by 20%, and delivered returns as high as 27:1. Service quality alone can swing trust by 70 points.” — James Anderson, Bloomberg Philanthropies on LinkedIn source

Philanthropy pales next to government spending. Globally, public budgets run into the tens of trillions annually. If effective altruism is serious about leverage, then helping governments upgrade their digital infrastructure is among the highest multipliers available.

Yet despite proven pilots (e.g., USDS, 18F, Government Digital Service in the UK), most governments remain stuck in what Nadia Asparouhova would call Kafka Index protocols: redundant, opaque, and costly systems where citizens and civil servants alike get trapped in loops with no resolution.

The ARGO model

Applied Research in Government Operations (ARGO) proposes a nonprofit “public data utility” model. Like professional water utilities a century ago, this model would:

• Pool resources across jurisdictions through data collaboratives, reducing duplication.
• Standardize and automate data flows through the Kraken platform, turning raw administrative data into actionable public dashboards.
• Align incentives by operating as a nonprofit shared service rather than a rent-seeking vendor.

This is not hypothetical. ARGO’s California Water Data Collaborative has already:

• Saved utilities over $20m,
• Implemented the world’s first statewide efficiency benchmarks, and
• Powered regulation that makes “water conservation a way of life.”

That protocol was recently copied and redeployed in Africa. See the link here for further detail. 

Another use case: Street quality surveys

Or consider how cities currently assess road quality. At one extreme, they rely on “windshield surveys” where staff literally drive around and eyeball conditions. At the other, they contract $1m+ lidar vans that provide detailed but infrequent snapshots.

The result is a Kafkaesque equilibrium: expensive, low-frequency, and inconsistent data that does not help governments anticipate failures.

The SQUID protocol replaces this with a low-cost, sensor-driven survey system. A handful of cars driving around a city can cover the entire street grid in days, with results automatically integrated into dashboards. The protocol builds trust through transparency (open source, open data standards) while pooling capacity across jurisdictions.

International Examples: Lessons from the Digital Public Goods Movement

The UN’s Digital Public Goods Alliance (DPGA) and initiatives like India’s Aadhaar/IndiaStack, Estonia’s X-Road, and the MOSIP open-source identity platform show what’s possible when digital modernization is approached as infrastructure rather than bespoke software. A few lessons stand out:

• Interoperability first: Estonia’s X-Road protocolized data exchange across government agencies, reducing administrative burden and making services like online tax filing nearly universal.
• Open-source commons: MOSIP (Modular Open Source Identity Platform) provides a reusable digital ID framework now deployed in the Philippines and Morocco, illustrating how investments in one jurisdiction can ripple globally.
• Market-shaping leverage: IndiaStack’s open APIs enabled an explosion of fintech and civic apps atop a common foundation—an example of how public digital goods can catalyze private innovation.
• Trust through transparency: The digital public goods framing explicitly links technical design to values of openness, inclusion, and long-term stewardship—critical for avoiding capture and rent-seeking.

These cases show that public data modernization is not parochial. Protocols designed for California’s water, streets, and housing could form part of the broader digital public goods ecosystem, scaling lessons across jurisdictions and borders.

Why this matters for EA

1. Scale: Government dwarfs philanthropy. Even modest improvements in efficiency and effectiveness translate into billions in value and trust restored.
2. Neglectedness: While governance is recognized as critical, little philanthropic effort focuses on the operational layer—protocols for how government actually works day to day.
3. Tractability: We now have repeatable protocols. The “Whitehead” archetype of good protocols (balancing structure and human agency) is achievable in government modernization when incentives align.

Closing

James Anderson puts it bluntly: digital transformation will only succeed with unapologetic, sustained leadership that makes modernization unavoidable. EA can play a catalytic role here by supporting the development and scaling of public data protocols—helping governments shift from manual, duplicative, and opaque processes to adaptive, evidence-driven institutions.

Digital modernization is not just another project. It is a lever on the operating system of government itself and the larger future of humanity.

“Civilization advances by extending the number of important operations which we can perform without thinking about them.” — A.N. Whitehead

Further Reading

• ARGO: Building, Operating, and Maintaining Best-in-Class Public Data Infrastructure (proposal)