Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a collection of methods for evaluating the social costs and benefits of alternative social arrangements.

Cost-benefit analysis estimates the ratio between the cost and the benefit of the intervention. Interventions with a lower ratio are said to provide a higher return. Cost-benefit analysis can be used in finance or business to refer only to private returns to an intervention, but in the context of effective altruism, it is more relevant to consider social costs and social benefits.

In cost-benefit analysis, both cost and benefit are measured in monetary terms (in contrast to cost-effectiveness analysis, where benefits are expressed in terms of some non-monetary unit). Although costs are generally already monetary, the outcomes of a program are often non-monetary (for instance, a program may have impact mostly by improving health). In such cases, a monetary value will be assigned to the non-monetary benefit (for instance, a value will be assigned to a year of additional healthy life). Then all non-monetary benefits will be converted into a monetary unit, for comparison with costs. The valuation of non-monetary benefits is often a difficult and contentious aspect of cost-benefit analysis.

Cost-benefit analysis can be carried out on an average level (looking at the total cost and total impact of an intervention) or at the marginal level (examining the impact of an additional dollar).