I downvoted this post because I think it's really hard for a list of 12 somewhat-related questions, and particularly for the comment threads answering them, to be useful to a broader audience than just the original author. I also feel like these questions really could do more to explain what your thinking is on them, because as it is I feel like you're asking for people to put in work you haven't put in yourself.

If I had these questions, I think the main avenues I'd consider to getting them answered would be:

• post each one in its own Quick Take (= shortform), which would help separate the comment threads without dominating the frontpage with 12 posts at once,
• pick one (or more, if they're obviously related), and expand a little more on what motivates the question and what thoughts you already have, and make that a post on its own,
• consider other venues with smaller audiences (in-person or online social meetups, etc.)

You said:

I wanted to have them all in one place, as many of them seem related to each other

3 and 4 are obviously related, and 8 and 9. I don't see the relations between the others; I think if you're really making the pitch that this post is one topic, I need more explanation of what that topic is.

I agree for the most part with Michael's answers to your questions on LW so I'll just go over some slight differences. 
 

1- This movement should not be centralized at all IMO. EA should be a library. Also It's pretty gross that it's centralized but there is no political system sans a token donation election. I'm pretty sure nick beckstead and Will MacAskill etc etc would have been fired into the moon after ftx if there was a democratic voting process for leaders. 

 https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/8wWYmHsnqPvQEnapu/?commentId=6JduGBwGxbpCMXymd
https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/MjTB4MvtedbLjgyja/?commentId=iKGHCrYTvyLrFit2W
 
3- Agree with why the team is the way it is but they do have more of an obligation to correct this (conditional on the demographics of the team actually being an important dimension of success. It's believable but not a no-brainer) than your average HR dep. My experience working in a corporate job is that HR works for the man - don't trust them at all. CEAs community team is actually trying to solve problems to help all members of the community, not just the top dogs (well, at least you would hope)

5- Agree w/michael that they are. However,  you're picking up on a real thread of arrogance, and often a smug unwillingness to engage with non top 5 cause areas despite the flow-through effects possibly getting more money to the causes they want. I think local EA groups should focus more on fixing the issues in their cities. Not because it is as important but because I think they would gain a lot of recognition and they could leverage that to fundraise more for their causes down the line. Likewise, orgs should be more willing to compromise their work if that means getting way more money. A few years ago my parents asked me to help them research which homeless shelters in Chicago to donate to and I told them they should give the money to (insert ea FOTM charity). They got super triggered and I think if I just answered their question I would have more sway over other donations they made. 

8. I found this post, though I'll say I find the concept of an EA club not having ea in their name bizarre. I dislike the name effective altruism but that is the name of the movement so yea I would say they overcooked here. 

I'll take a crack at some of these.

On 3, I basically don't think this matters. I hadn't considered it largely because it seems super irrelevant. It matters far more if any individual people shouldn't be there or some individuals should be there who aren't. AFAICT without much digging, they all seem to be doing a fine job and I don't see the need for a male/poc though feel free to point out a reason. I think nearly nobody feels they have a problem to report and then upon finding out that they are reporting to a white woman feel they can no longer do so. I would really hate to see EA become a place where we are constantly fretting and questioning demographic makeups of small EA organizations to make sure that they have enough of all the traits. It's a giant waste of time, energy and other resources

On 4, this is a risk with basically all nonprofit organizations. Do we feel AI safety organizations are exaggerating the problem? How about SWP? Do you think they exaggerate the number of shrimp or how likely they are to be sentient? How about Givewell? Should we be concerned about their cost-effectiveness analyses? It's always a question to ask but usually, a concern would come with something more concrete or a statistic. For example, the charity Will Macaskill talks about in the UK that helps a certain kind of Englishperson who is statistically ahead (though I can't remember if this is Scotts or Irishmen or another group)

On 7, university groups are limited in resources. Very limited. It is almost always done part-time while managing a full time courseload and working on their own development among other things and so they focus on their one comparative advantage of recruitment (since it would be difficult for others to do that) and outsource the training to other places (80k, MATS, etc.).

On 10, good point, I would like to see some movement within EA to increase the intensity.

On 11, another good point. I'd love to read more about this.

On 12, another good point but this is somewhat how networks work, unfortunately. There's just so many incentives for hubs to emerge and then to have a bunch of gravity. It kinda started in the Bay area and then for individual actors, it nearly always makes sense to go around there and then there is a feedback loop.