This post does not necessarily represent the views of my employers.

We could call a topic more “mainstream” the less neglected it is; the more it overlaps with topics and fields that are established and of interest to many people outside the EA community or associated communities^[1]; and the more you’d expect that people outside those communities would care about the topic. For example, reducing armed conflict and improving politics are more mainstream topics than are the simulation argument or large-scale risks from AI. (For elaboration on these points, see the Appendix.)

It’s reasonable to ask: Why and how can it be useful for people in the EA community to research relatively mainstream topics? This seems especially worth asking in cases where those people lack relevant expertise and their research projects would be relatively brief.^[2] But it may also be worth asking in cases where the person has relevant expertise, would work on the project for longer, or is considering whether to become an expert on a relatively mainstream topic.

Summary

I think there are four main, broad, potential paths to impact from such work:^[3]

1. The research could improve behaviours and decisions made within the EA community. But how?
   1. The research could tackle important questions that differ from those tackled in existing work on a topic, even if the topic overall is mainstream.
   2. The research could provide better answers than the existing work has on the same questions that the existing work aims to answer.
   3. The research could bring existing knowledge, theories, ways of working, etc. from other communities into the EA community.
2. The research could improve behaviours and decisions made within other communities (e.g., slightly improving the allocation of large peacebuilding and security budgets). As above, this could result from the research:
   1. tackling important questions that differ from those tackled in existing work on a topic
   2. providing better answers than the existing work has
   3. simply bringing existing knowledge, theories, ways of working, etc. from the EA community into other communities
3. Doing this research could allow the researchers to build networks between the EA community and other communities, which could help with things like recommending non-EA organisations, projects, job-seekers, experts, etc. for EAs^[4] to fund, work for, hire, get advice from, etc., and vice versa
4. Doing this research could equip the researchers with the knowledge, skills, connections, and credibility they need to later get and effectively use influential roles in other communities

Here are rough, diagrammatic representations of these paths:

Ultimately, I think that:

• A topic being more mainstream does typically somewhat reduce how valuable it’d be for a longtermist to research it
• But this effect doesn’t always hold
• And even when this effect holds, it may be relatively weak, can be outweighed by other factors, and can be weakened further by explicitly thinking about the paths to impact discussed above when planning, conducting, and disseminating one’s research

Purpose and caveats for this post

This post simply attempts to crystallise and share my thoughts on the question “Why and how can it be useful for people in the EA community to research relatively mainstream topics?”^[5] I hope the post will help you:

• Understand part of my personal reasoning behind and theories of change for some of the research that I plan to do;
• Understand part of what might be the reasoning behind and theories of change for some research that other EAs are doing;
• Think about what research you should do or support (where “supporting” could be via funding, mentorship, etc.); and/or
• Think about how the research you do or support should be done^[6]

(See also Do research organisations make theory of change diagrams? Should they?)

To be clear, I do not necessarily intend to advocate for an increase in the overall fraction of EA research that’s focused on relatively mainstream topics. I think it’s clearly the case that some EA researchers should tackle relatively mainstream topics, that others should not, that some should do both, and that this depends mostly on the specifics of a given situation. This post provides many points and counterpoints, notes that some things are “often” the case without saying how often, etc.; in order to make specific decisions, you’d need to combine these general considerations with your knowledge of the specific situation you face.

All examples in the following sections are purely for illustration. Also, the examples focus on longtermism rather than EA more broadly, but that’s simply because I know and think more about the question this post addresses in relation to longtermism than in relation to other cause areas; I do think the same basic claims would apply for other cause areas too.^[7]

1. Improve behaviours and decisions within the EA community

1a. Research non-mainstream questions within mainstream topics

For example, there are large bodies of work on war, policymaking, and authoritarianism, but very little work explicitly focused on how those things are relevant to the long-term future, or what implications that has for our actions. How much would “war” increase or decrease existential risk or the chance of other trajectory changes? By what pathways? How does this differ based on the type of war and other factors? These questions are crucial when deciding (a) how much to prioritise work on “war” and (b) what specific work on war to prioritise (or to actively avoid due to downside risks).

There are also various other types of high-priority, non-mainstream questions that can often be found within mainstream topics. For example, questions about the importance, tractability, and neglectedness of a problem area; the cost-effectiveness of various possible actions; or probabilistic forecasts of what the future will bring or what impacts an action would have.

Of course, a lot of existing work is relevant to such questions, even if it’s not motivated by them. And in some cases, people will already have sufficient clarity on those questions for the decisions they need to make. This clarity could come from things like making relatively obvious inferences from the work that does exist, or having conversations with people who’ve thought about these issues but who haven’t written their thinking up.

But there are also many cases where more work on those questions should be a high priority. And such cases should be expected to occur more often as the EA community grows, because as the community grows:

1. There’s a larger community to benefit from the externalities that come from exploring different problems and interventions that might turn out to be worth prioritising, learning what implications those problems and interventions have for other issues, etc. (see Todd, 2018)
2. EAs are more likely to work on a topic if it’s more neglected (holding other factors constant), which should cause the gaps in neglectedness to decrease over time, increasing how often someone should work on something despite it being less neglected.^[8]

But even if there are high-priority non-mainstream questions within mainstream topics, why should we expect an EA without relevant expertise to be able to generate useful answers within a relatively brief time? Firstly, the neglectedness of the specific question may mean it’s relatively easy to improve our answers to it.

Secondly, the EA need not start from scratch; they may be able to simply synthesise and draw implications from the mainstream work that’s relevant to - but not focused on - the question of interest. For example, the EA could have conversations with experts on the mainstream topic and directly ask them the non-mainstream questions, then publish notes from the conversation or a write-up that uses it as an input.

Examples of work with this path to impact include 80,000 Hours’ problem profiles and career reviews, many cause area reports by Open Philanthropy and Founders Pledge, and many conversation notes published by GiveWell or Open Philanthropy.

1b. Provide better answers than the existing work has

In many (but not all) cases, EAs could provide better answers than the existing work has on the same questions that the existing work aims to answer. And this can happen even for mainstream topics, for EAs with relatively little relevant expertise, and for relatively brief research projects, although each of those features makes this achievement less likely.

I expect some readers will feel those statements are so obviously true as to not be worth saying, while others will feel the statements smack of arrogance, insularity, and epistemic immodesty. Interested readers can see further discussion in a comment.

1c. Bring existing knowledge, theories, etc. into the EA community

Here’s a procedure that could in theory be followed, but that’s in practice far too difficult and time-consuming:

1. Each EA could notice whenever something they’re doing or deciding on would benefit from drawing on one of the myriad sprawling bodies of knowledge (or theories, techniques, ways of working, etc.) generated outside the EA community
2. They could then work out which body of knowledge would be relevant to what they’re doing or deciding on
3. They could then sift through that body of knowledge to find the most relevant and reliable parts
4. They could then get up to speed on those parts, without learning misconceptions or forming bad inferences in the process

There are many possible ways to deal with the fact that the above procedure is too difficult and time-consuming to follow in practice. One way starts with some EAs going through the above procedure for some subset of the types of actions or decisions EAs need to make, or for some subset of the bodies of knowledge that are out there. (For example, they could learn what’s already known about great power war, or what longtermism-relevant things are already known in political science.) These EAs can then do things like:^[9]

• Publishing write-ups about what they’ve learned (e.g., book notes, literature reviews, other summaries)
• Contacting specific actors (e.g., funders) to explain specific takeaways relevant to those actors’ decisions
• Being available to give input where relevant (e.g., to give second-opinions on grant decisions, career decisions, or research project ideas)

Why would this be better than the ultimately-influenced-people simply going through the above procedure themselves, finding write-ups by non-EA, or being contacted by or contacting non-EAs? In many cases, it won’t be. But here are some (inter-related) reasons why it often can be useful:

• Busy deciders, delegation, and specialisation
  • As an analogy: Although a CEO retains final decision-making authority, they typically find it useful to delegate most option-generation, analysis, and decision-making to subordinates or contractors. And it’s typically useful for those subordinates or contractors to specialise for particular types of decisions or areas of expertise.
  • Likewise, it can be useful for e.g. grantmakers to be able to draw on the public work or tailored input of other people who’ve specialised more than the grantmaker for something relevant to a given decision.
• Actor-level trust and relationships
  • Decision-makers can spend less time vetting some work or input, and place more weight on it, the more they trust the actor - whether an individual or an organisation/group - who provided that work or input.
  • This trust can in turn be based on prior knowledge of the actor and prior vetting of other parts of their work or input.
  • That prior knowledge and vetting can also help the decision-maker know whether it’d be worth proactively reaching out to an actor about a given decision.
  • EA decision-makers are typically more likely to have prior knowledge or have already vetted EA actors than non-EA actors, or may find it easier to get that knowledge or do that vetting.^[10]
• Community-level trust, strong epistemics, and shared values
  • Arguably, EAs have “better epistemics” in various ways than many other knowledge communities.
    • For example, many other communities start with the assumption that the issue they work on is especially important, focus more than would be ideal on raising awareness and alarm relative to seeking truth, tend more towards those directions over time (for reasons related to echo chambers or “evaporative cooling of group beliefs”), or simply don’t think about prioritisation.^[11]
    • But I acknowledge that similar issues also apply to parts of the EA community, and that it might be as true for EA as a whole as for a typical knowledge community.
  • More clearly, there is on average more alignment in values between EA than between EAs and non-EAs.
  • So it could often make sense for EAs to place somewhat more trust in EA (vs non-EA) work or inputs.
• Reasoning transparency
  • Reasoning transparency and related habits/norms seem more common within EA than outside of it. This means that, even setting aside the above points, it may often be easier to understand what, concretely, work or input by EAs implies, and how much weight to put on it, than would be the case for non-EA work.
• Three paths to impact for the price of one
  • The same work or input that brings existing knowledge into EA may also address non-mainstream questions within mainstream topics (see above) and/or provide some better answers than existing work has on questions the existing work addresses (see below).

For simplicity, this section focused on knowledge, but essentially the same points could be made about theories, methodologies, techniques, heuristics, skills, ways of working, etc.; other communities have developed many examples of each of those things that could be usefully brought into the EA community.

2. Improve behaviours and decisions in other communities

The vast majority of what happens in the world is of course determined by decisions made outside of the EA community - by governments, think tanks, academics, voters, people deciding on careers, etc. And the more mainstream a topic is, the more actors outside of the EA community will tend to care about research on it. This would presumably tend to increase the expected amount of non-EA resources or other decisions (e.g., legislative or regulatory decisions) that research on such topics will influence, at least if we control for factors like how high-quality and strategic the research and dissemination was.

This influence could involve (a) improvements according to the non-EA decision-makers’ own goals or values and/or (b) improvements from an EA perspective. (The influence could also in some cases be negative from one or both of those perspectives.)

This influence could come from research on non-mainstream questions within mainstream topics (see section 1a) or from research that provides better answers that existing work has (see section 1b), as long as insights from that research are transmitted to decision-makers in other communities and influence their decisions. Or this influence could come from bringing existing knowledge, theories, methodologies, techniques, heuristics, skills, ways of working, etc. from the EA community into other communities, in a process mirroring that described in section 1c.

We could also perhaps think of this path to impact as including elements of field building and movement building, such as increasing non-EAs’ awareness of and inclination towards EA, or topics that seem important from an EA perspective, or ideas from the EA community, etc.

All that said, influencing a larger amount of non-EA resources or other decisions (e.g., legislative or regulatory decisions) must be traded off against:

• Potentially having a more minor influence on each of those units of resources or on each decision than could be had for EA resources or decisions (due to EA researchers often being more trusted by EA decision-makers, having more shared values with them, etc.)
• Influencing resources or decisions that may be focused on lower priority areas anyway

3. Build networks between EA and other communities

See also network building.

Researching relatively mainstream topics can help build knowledge of and connections in other communities which work on related issues. (And this is an advantage over researching less mainstream topics, precisely because those topics will touch on fewer or smaller communities.) The more EAs have such knowledge and connections, the better they - or the people they talk to - can recommend non-EA organisations, projects, job-seekers, experts, etc. for EAs to fund, work for, hire, get advice from, get mentorship from, etc. In addition to recommendations, they could also make introductions, make referrals, provide signal-boosts or put in a good word, and so on.^[12]

This can overlap or aid with the paths to impact discussed above. For example, this can be seen as “researching” the very narrow, applied, non-mainstream question “Which organisations and experts should EAs funders consider funding or getting advice from?”, and as helping “busy deciders” find non-EAs they can trust the input of and/or delegate to.

And the information, referrals, etc. can also flow in the other direction. For example:

• An EA building this knowledge and these connections could also help them recommend EA organisations, job-seekers, experts, etc. for non-EA people or organisations to fund, work for, hire, get advice from, get mentorship from, etc. And it could help them make introductions, referrals, etc. This can overlap or aid with the path to impact discussed in the next section.
• In the process of an EA researching relatively mainstream topics, members of other communities may themselves gain more knowledge of and connections with that EA or other parts of the EA community, which could provide the same sorts of benefits discussed earlier in this section.

4. Equip the researchers for influential roles in other communities

As noted, the vast majority of what happens in the world is determined by decisions made outside of the EA community. And these decisions are often made poorly or in ways poorly aligned with EA values. Thus, EAs could often be impactful by filling and effectively using influential roles in other communities. (See also working at EA vs non-EA orgs and Dafoe’s (2020)  “field building model of research”.)

EAs will be better able to do this if they acquire relevant knowledge, skills, connections, and credibility. Doing research on mainstream topics is often one effective way to acquire those things, and is sometimes the most effective way.^[13]

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Avital Balwit, Spencer Becker-Kahn, Damon Binder, Marcus Davis, Juan Gil, Hamish Hobbs, Jennifer Lin, Fin Moorhouse, David Moss, David Reinstein, Luca Righetti, Ben Snodin, Peter Wildeford, and Linch Zhang for helpful comments on earlier drafts. This of course does not imply their endorsement of all aspects of this post.

Appendix: Notes on what I mean by “mainstream”?

• In the Summary, I wrote “We could call a topic more ‘mainstream’ the less neglected it is; the more it overlaps with topics and fields that are established and of interest to many people outside the EA community or associated communities; and the more you’d expect that people outside those communities would care about the topic”.
• By that definition, “mainstream-ness” actually collapses together three not-perfectly-correlated dimensions.
• By “the more you’d expect that people outside [the EA and associated] communities would care about the topic”, I mean things like: “the more the topic seems like it would matter for the worldviews common outside of those communities, if the premises for why it would matter given a longtermist worldview are sound”.
  • For example, let’s say an intervention’s key claimed path to impact on the long-term future would flow through improving the near-term future for humans in a major way that doesn’t require particularly “speculative” reasoning. Then, if there’s sound reasoning behind that path to impact, you might expect many non-EAs and non-longtermists to care about the intervention. And if they don’t, that’s some evidence that the reasoning for the path to impact is bad.
  • In contrast, if an intervention’s key claimed path to impact wouldn’t involve near-term benefits to humans, or relies on particularly “speculative” reasoning, then it’d be less surprising if few non-EAs or non-longtermist EAs care about that intervention, and that’d provide less evidence that the reasoning for the path to impact is bad.
• How “mainstream” a topic is can depend on precisely how you define the scope of that topic, and can vary greatly between a topic and some specific subtopics.
  • E.g., biology is more mainstream than pandemics, which is more mainstream than engineered pandemics, which is more mainstream than “large-scale risks from engineered pandemics”, and how mainstream that is depends on how high a bar we set for “large-scale”.
  • Relatedly, Wiblin (2016) writes: “A challenge of any framework of this kind will be that carefully chosen ‘narrow’ problems tend to do better than broadly defined ones. For example, ‘combating malaria’ will look more pressing than ‘global health’ because malaria is a particularly promising health problem to work on. Similarly, improving health in Kenya is going to look more impressive than improving health in Costa Rica. There’s nothing wrong with these findings – but they could create a misleading impression if a broadly defined problem is compared with a narrowly defined one. If someone were motivated they could make a problem look more or less pressing by defining it differently – and this is something to be aware of in interpreting these scores.”
  • Arguably, the first path to impact I discuss in this post could instead be described as “Focus on a non-mainstream, especially longtermism-relevant subtopic within a mainstream topic.”

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1. In this post, I’ll often use “the EA community” as shorthand for “the EA community and associated communities”, including communities such as the rationalist community, the longtermist community, the AI safety community, and the effective animal advocacy community. The latter communities heavily overlap with the EA community, and some are arguably entirely contained within the EA community. ↩︎

2. Another way to phrase the question: “How would this researcher add value, given that (a) there are already many experts working on related topics, (b) this researcher not an expert, and (c) this researcher intends to do relatively brief, generalist-style research, rather than developing expertise in a narrow subset of these topics?” ↩︎

3. But note that many projects will have impact via more than one of those paths, and sometimes it can be hard to distinguish between these paths. ↩︎

4. I’m using the term “EAs” as shorthand for “People who identify or interact a lot with the EA community or an associated community”; this would include some people who don’t self-identify as “an EA”. ↩︎

5. My thinking has been influenced by previous discussions of somewhat related issues, such as:

   • What’s the comparative advantage of longtermists? (see Crucial questions for longtermists, and see here for relevant quotes and sources)
     • How much impact should we expect longtermists to be able to have as a result of being more competent than non-longtermists? How does this vary between different areas, career paths, etc.?
     • How much impact should we expect longtermists to be able to have as a result of having ‘better values/goals’ than non-longtermists? How does this vary between different areas, career paths, etc.?
   • Discussions of epistemic modesty, ‘rationalist/EA exceptionalism’, and similar
   ↩︎

6. For example, having the paths to impact discussed in this post in mind might help you optimise for these paths to impact when making decisions about:

   • What topics and specific questions to research
   • How thoroughly/deeply to research each question
   • Target audiences, publication venues, and writing styles
   ↩︎

7. For example, one could argue that GiveWell is focused on relatively mainstream topics, has many researchers who lack backgrounds in developmental economics or other relevant fields, and often does relatively brief research projects, but that their work has been very useful despite this, for reasons including them tackling specific questions that differ from those tackled in existing work (e.g., questions about cost-effectiveness and room for more funding). ↩︎

8. For example, over the last 10 years, the resources dedicated to AI risk have increased much faster (in proportional terms) than the resources dedicated to authoritarianism risk or nuclear risk, meaning it’s now easier for factors such as personal fit to outweigh neglectedness when someone is deciding which of those topics they should work on. ↩︎

9. For prior discussion that’s somewhat relevant to this sort of work, see Research Debt, The Neglected Virtue of Scholarship, and Fact Posts: How and Why. For some things that I think serve as prior examples of this sort of work, see A Crash Course in the Neuroscience of Human Motivation, How to Beat Procrastination, The Best Textbooks on Every Subject, and much of Scott Alexander’s writing. ↩︎

10. It also may be more worthwhile for them to invest in learning about and vetting EA actors since a greater fraction of the work of those actors’ work may be relevant to the EA decision-maker (rather than their work just sometimes overlapping with EA priorities) and they may continue working on relevant areas for longer. ↩︎

11. Additionally, in some cases, they have conflicts of interest. ↩︎

12. There are many reasons this could be useful. One category of ways is discussed in Improving EAs’ use of non-EA options for research training, credentials, testing fit, etc. ↩︎

13. A reviewer of a draft of this post suggested that a good example of paths 3 and 4, and maybe 2, might be “The direction that AI safety has moved in in the last couple of years, with a lot more EAs doing legible ML work (both for plausibly EA-adjacent reasons like circuits/scaling laws and what seem to be non-EA, credential-building reasons) and getting employed at mainstream places”. This sounds about right to me. ↩︎